The Largest Plant-Eating Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs are descendanst of the most recent ancestor of modern birds and the Triceratops. In fact, you can trace their behavior with that of the birds, especially when they sleep. "Dinosauria" came from the descendants of the recent ancestors of the Iguanodon and Megalosaurus. This also includes the Sauropodomorphs (huge herbivorous quadrupeds), Theropods (bipedal carnivores), Ankylosaurians (armored types of herbivorous quadrupeds), Stegosaurians (plated types of herbivorous quadrupeds), Ceratopsians horned and frilled herbivorous quadrupeds) and the Ornithopods (quadrupedal or bipedal herbivores).

Here are some of the largest plant-eating dinosaurs that existed.

Ankylosaurus
This is the last and biggest "armored" dinosaurs that evolved. This plant-eating dinosaur lived through the latter part of the Cretaceous Period, approximately 70 to 65 million years back.

The Largest Plant-Eating Dinosaurs

It eats loads of low-lying plant materials to sustain itself. It has a large gut, and produces phenomenal amounts of gas.

It is a huge armored reptile that measures approximately 25 to 35 feet long, 4 feet tall and 6 feet wide. It weighs about 4.4 tons. Its oval and thick plates embedded on its upper leathery skin, the spikes and tails all protect it from predators or carnivores. The only un-plated part is its underbelly, which means, you can only wound it if you flip it over.

This dinosaur got its name in the year 1908 from Barnum Brown. Its fossils were found along Alberta, Canada and Montana, US. 3 partial skeletons (armor and tail) and 2 skulls were uncovered. Trackways were even found in South America (Sucre, Bolivia).

Alamosaurus
This plant-eating quadrupedal dinosaur lived through the latter part of the Cretaceous Period. This period was approximately 73 up to 65 million years back. It is both a Titanosaurid and Sauropod which means it has some body armor.

Being a whip-tailed and long-necked dinosaur, it grows to 69 feet long and weighs 33 tons. Fossils such as fragmentary skeletons (no skulls) of the Alamosaurus were discovered in Utah, New Mexico and Texas. Its name means "Ojo Alamo Lizard."

Apatosaurus
The Apatosaurus was formerly known as the Brontosaurus. It is among the largest animals that existed on land. It lived through the latter part of the Jurassic Period, approximately 157 up to 146 millions of years back.

It is a whip-tailed, long-necked dinosaur, measuring roughly 70 up to 90 ft. long and 15 feet tall around the hips. Its head is not more than 2 ft. long with a very small brain and long skull. The long neck consists of 15 vertebrae and hollow backbones. Its long "whip-like" tail is approximately 50 feet long. It also has "peg-like" teeth in the frontal part of its jaws. It has 4 "column-like" massive legs, with the hind legs being larger than the ones in front. The nostrils are on the upper part of its head.

Fossils of the Apatosaurus were discovered in Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. It was Othniel C. Marsh, an American paleontologist, who named and described the Apatosaurus in 1877. In 1879, he named and described another fossil, the Brontosaurus. Further studies have proven that both the Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus came are from a similar genus. It was the former name, Apatosaurus that was adopted.

The Largest Plant-Eating Dinosaurs
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Repairing Scratches in Laminate Flooring

When I moved into my home, the floor in the living room had just been refinished with beautiful honey toned laminate flooring. It was beautiful and it fit my decor perfectly. The only problem was the fact that one of my chair had popped a cap, unbeknownst to everyone involved, and it wasn't until a few weeks later, when I went to rearrange a few pieces of furniture, that I noticed it. Much to my horror, the gleaming floor beneath the chair had become a scratched mess and I shuddered at the thought of having to fix them.

Now, I'm sure that I am not the only person who has had to deal with scratched laminate flooring. In fact, I'm almost positive that the problem is universally shared. The simple truth is, if you are going to own laminate flooring, at one time you will own scratched laminate flooring. Most people would simply sigh and shift the furniture around to cover the evidence, something that I actually did for a few months, but laminate flooring can be fixed without having to tear out pieces and replace them.

Most repairs in laminate flooring are pretty minor. A glass may have fallen and gouged a small hole or the kids may have scraped a toy car, minus wheels, across a small section. The scratches and holes are simply surface damage but they definitely detract from the once shiny beauty of your floors.

Repairing Scratches in Laminate Flooring

With minor damage, you will only need to do minor repairs to your laminate. Unfortunately, as with most repairs, there is nothing regularly stocked in your shelves that will fix the floors. You will need to make a run to the local home hardware or flooring store to pick up a repair kit. Some manufacturers will make repair kits for their flooring so the best place to start is the store where you purchased your flooring.

If you aren't sure of the manufacturer or the manufacturer does not have a repair product, simply purchase a generic repair kit. A repair kit usually consists of a tube of putty or wax. This is your actual filler. Some repair kits have colored putty while others have paint that you mix to create the matching floor color; this you mix with the putty before applying. Both are perfectly fine to purchase and you will usually run yourself about ten to twenty dollars.

Some repair kits come with putty knife and everything else you need but if it doesn't simply pick up a putty knife while you are at the store. Popsicle sticks work perfectly for applying the putty to the crack.

Before you start repairing your scratches and dents, make sure the area is clean of any debris and is dry. There is no sense repairing a spot if a patch of dog hair is going to be glued into the floor. Once the area is prepared, it's time to get mixing.

If you went with a colored putty that matches your floor, all you will need to do is spoon in the putty, but if you went with a mix, you will need to match and create the desired color. Once you have that, spoon in the putty and smooth with the putty knife. Remove any of the excess putty so you have a smooth surface. Lastly, wipe the area around the scratch, being careful to not touch the repaired scratch with a clean cloth to wash away any residue.

Once it dries, your laminate flooring should look as good as new.

Sometimes, you will find the occasional scratch that is too shallow for the putty to work properly. If this is the case, the best product on the market is ScratchAway. This is a spray on treatment for any small scratches on laminate and other wood flooring. All you need to do is spray the area and then buff until it is dry.

So with a few little tricks of the trade, there are very few reasons why you can't enjoy scratch free laminate flooring for years to come.

Repairing Scratches in Laminate Flooring
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Sirena Van Schaik is a professional writer who provides information on wood flooring and laminate flooring for A1 Wood Flooring.

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Black Pepper -- Benefits and Possible Risks

Is black pepper good for you? In truth, there is no simple answer to this question. There have not been enough studies on black pepper to verify if it is overall healthful and beneficial, detrimental, or neither. There are, however, plenty of suggestions as to the benefits (and negatives) associated with black pepper. Here are a few of them:

Possible Benefits of Black Pepper:

· Alleviates hemorrhoids

Black Pepper -- Benefits and Possible Risks

· Alleviates gas

· Alleviates constipation

· Improves digestion - just think, by grinding or shaking black pepper onto your meal, you may actually be aiding yourself in the digestion of that meal. How? Black pepper stimulates the taste buds, alerting your stomach to increase its hydrochloric acid secretion which aids in digestion.

· Alleviates loss of appetite - again, black pepper wakes up and stimulates your taste buds.

· Promotes sweating

· Promotes urination

· Anti-bacterial effect

· Anti-oxidant effect

· Stimulates the breakdown of fat cells

· Inhaling vapor from black pepper extract may reduce withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting smoking - this theory is still being tested...

· Piperine - an alkaloid found in black pepper - could enhance the bioavailability of some nutritional substances and drugs. It also may have anti-carcinogenic properties and anticonvulsant

Possible Negative Effects of Black Pepper

· According to at least one study, black pepper may cause an increase in parietal secretion (of hydrochloric acid - the acid abovementioned as an aid to digestion) and pepsin secretion and a loss in potassium.

· Also, there is a chance of mucosal mircrobleeding and even gastric bleeding due black pepper (due, at least in part, to the above-stated secretions).

· Piperine may actually be carcinogenic (although some studies show that it is anti-carcinogenic...) and it might even have negative effects on sperm and interfere with reproductive processes.

All in all, it seems that more likely than not, black pepper has positive health benefits. But before you start loading black pepper onto every single meal, realize that there are possible negatives, as well (which can practically be said about most any food!)

Black Pepper -- Benefits and Possible Risks
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Anne Clarke writes numerous articles for websites on gardening, parenting, fashion, and home decor. Her background includes teaching and gardening. For more of her articles on fur boots and fashion please visit Salt and Pepper Shakers.

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